The monthly World Agriculture Supply and Demand Estimates report has been released by the U.S. Department of Agriculture and its’ World Agriculture Outlook Board. The report utilized information from the National Agricultural Statistics Service.
*WHEAT*
The Department raised U.S. wheat supplies for 2009/10 as higher area and yields add 96 million bushels to forecast production. Feed and residual use is raised 10 million bushels. Exports are projected 25 million bushels higher with smaller crops in major exporting countries. The ending stocks projection is raised 59 million bushels. The first 2009/10 by-class wheat supply and demand projections indicate larger supplies of hard red spring, white, and durum wheat and lower supplies of hard red winter and soft red winter wheat from year-ago levels. The 2009/10 marketing-year average farm price is projected at $4.80 to $5.80 per bushel, down 10 cents on both ends of the range.
Global wheat supplies for 2009/10 are projected lower this month as a 1.0-million-ton beginning stocks reduction more than offsets a 0.4-million-ton production increase.
*COARSE GRAINS*
U.S. feed grain supplies for 2009/10 are projected by USDA to be higher this month. Corn supplies are projected at 14.1 million bushels, up 335 million bushels from 2008/09. Feed and residual use for 2009/10 is raised 50 million bushels as increased supplies and lower prices are expected to boost feeding demand. Exports are raised 50 million bushels and ending stocks are projected at 1.6 million bushels. The 2009/10 marketing-year average farm price for corn is projected at $3.35 to $4.15 per bushel, down 55 cents on both ends of the range.
Global coarse grain supplies for 2009/10 are projected 13.0 million tons higher this month mostly reflecting higher corn beginning stocks and production in the United States. World coarse grain imports and exports are both projected slightly higher for 2009/10.
*RICE*
U.S. total rice supplies for 2009/10 are projected at 253.7 million cwt, down 4 percent from last month. U.S. rice production is projected at 211.0 million cwt, 4 percent below last month, but 4 percent above 2008/09. Long-grain rice production is projected at 151.0 million cwt, about 11 percent below last month; while, combined medium- and short-grain rice production is projected at 60.0 million cwt, nearly 18 percent above last month. Beginning stocks for 2009/10 are lowered nearly 7 percent, while imports are lowered about 5 percent.
The 2009/10 season-average farm price range is raised $2.75 cents per cwt on each end to $13.25 to $14.25 per cwt compared to a revised $16.05 per cwt for 2008/09. The long-grain season-average farm price range for 2009/10 is increased $2.50 per cwt on each end to $12.00 to $13.00 per cwt compared to a revised $14.85 per cwt in 2008/09. The combined medium- and short-grain farm price range is increased $4.00 per cwt to $19.50 to $20.50 per cwt compared to a revised $21.50 per cwt in 2008/09.
Global 2009/10 rice supply and use are little changed from last month’s projections.
*OILSEEDS*
U.S. oilseed ending stocks for 2009/10 are projected at 8 million tons, up 1.1 million from last month. Higher soybean stocks account for most of the increase. Oilseed production is projected at 96.3 million tons, up 1.8 million tons, with increased
soybean production accounting for most of the change. The U.S. season-average soybean price for 2009/10 is projected at $8.30 to $10.30 per bushel, down 70 cents on both ends of the range. Soybean meal prices are projected at $255 to $315 per short ton, down 20 dollars on both ends. Soybean oil prices are projected at 31 to 35 cents per pound, down 2 cents on both ends of the range.
*SUGAR*
Projected 2009/10 U.S. sugar supply is decreased 100,000 short tons, raw value, from last month. Beginning stocks are lowered 100,000 tons. imports from Mexico are increased 150,000 tons while imports under the tariff rate quota are decreased 40,000 tons. Sugar use is increased 100,000 tons to reflect the refined portion of the increase in imports from Mexico.
*LIVESTOCK, POULTRY, AND DAIRY*
Total U.S. meat production for 2009 is reduced as lower beef output more than offsets higher pork and poultry production. The Cattle report, to be released on July 24, will provide an indication of breeding herd retention and the number of cattle outside feedlots. Meat production for 2010 is raised as higher pork and broiler production outweigh slightly lower beef production.
Turkey export forecasts for 2009 and 2010 are reduced largely because of expected lower shipments to Mexico. Export forecasts of other meats are unchanged. Price forecasts for 2009 are lowered for hogs, generally reflecting a higher production forecast. Cattle and broiler forecasts are unchanged. Egg prices in 2009 are forecast lower on softer demand.
For 2010, higher forecast pork production is expected to weigh on supplies and price forecasts are reduced. Prices for cattle and broilers are unchanged. Egg price forecasts are reduced as the current market weakness is expected to carry into 2010.
The milk production forecast is raised fractionally for 2009 as the reduction in cow numbers is slightly slower than expected. Milk production for 2010 is unchanged. Imports for 2009 on a skim-solids basis are forecast lower; the commercial export forecast is unchanged from last month. For 2009 and 2010, Class III prices are reduced as lower cheese price forecasts more than offset higher whey prices. The Class IV price forecast is reduced in line with lower butter and NDM prices in both 2009 and 2010. The all milk price is forecast at $11.85 to $12.15 per cwt for 2009 and $14.85 to $15.85 for 2010.
*COTTON*
The U.S. cotton supply and demand estimates for 2009/10 show lower beginning stocks offset by lower exports, leaving ending stocks unchanged from last month at 5.6 million bales. Production is estimated at 13.25 million bales, the same as last month. Domestic mill use also is unchanged, but exports are reduced 600,000 bales to 10.2 million due to lower U.S. supplies and reduced foreign import demand. The forecast range of 48 to 60 cents per pound for the marketing-year average farm price is the same as last month.
A combination of higher beginning stocks and lower consumption are raising this month’s projected world 2009/10 cotton ending stocks by about 2 percent.
Tuesday, July 14, 2009
Second Dairy Buyout Set
Cooperatives Working Together has announced details of its second herd reduction program this year aimed at reducing milk production and boosting prices. CWT spokesman Jim Tillison says the organization will – accept as many bids as we can get - at 5.25 per hundredweight or below. The reduction is limited to the program’s available budget, which has not been announced. The deadline for bids is July 24th.
The first herd reduction was the largest dairy herd retirement program ever conducted. 101,040 cows were removed from production in 41 states. Those cows produced almost two billion pounds of milk.
Jerry Kozak, chief executive of the National Milk Producers Federation said this second offering should - give us a double-barreled attack on milk production - in a very short period of time. He expects recovery of the farm level price several months sooner than would otherwise occur. The federation manages Cooperatives Working Together.
The first herd reduction was the largest dairy herd retirement program ever conducted. 101,040 cows were removed from production in 41 states. Those cows produced almost two billion pounds of milk.
Jerry Kozak, chief executive of the National Milk Producers Federation said this second offering should - give us a double-barreled attack on milk production - in a very short period of time. He expects recovery of the farm level price several months sooner than would otherwise occur. The federation manages Cooperatives Working Together.
Development of New Plan to Catch Illegal Workers Underway
Last Wednesday - Homeland Security Secretary Janet Napolitano announced that starting in September - President Obama will require federal contractors to confirm the identities of four-million workers against federal databases. As for the 2007 rule that would have sent Social Security no-match letters to 140-thousand employers - warning them to fix discrepancies or fire suspect workers within 90 days to avoid facing criminal penalties - Napolitano says the department will overturn it. Analysts say this is the clearest sign of Obama’s efforts to plan a middle course on immigration enforcement so far.
Napolitano said the department will take a new, more modern and effective approach - requiring nearly 170-thousand federal contractors to confirm immigration and Social Security data of new hires through E-Verify. Alabama Senator Jeff Sessions says making the government system permanent and mandatory for federal contractors would be a big step toward meeting the public’s expectations. But Spokesman for the U.S. Chamber of Commerce Angelo Amador said business groups are going to fight the contractor requirement in federal court because they don’t think Congress ever intended to make participation in the worker verification program mandatory.
Another viewpoint comes from New York Senator Charles Schumer. He doesn’t think E-Verify goes far enough - and has proposed using a verification system based on fingerprints, eye scans and other unique identifiers of workers.
Napolitano said the department will take a new, more modern and effective approach - requiring nearly 170-thousand federal contractors to confirm immigration and Social Security data of new hires through E-Verify. Alabama Senator Jeff Sessions says making the government system permanent and mandatory for federal contractors would be a big step toward meeting the public’s expectations. But Spokesman for the U.S. Chamber of Commerce Angelo Amador said business groups are going to fight the contractor requirement in federal court because they don’t think Congress ever intended to make participation in the worker verification program mandatory.
Another viewpoint comes from New York Senator Charles Schumer. He doesn’t think E-Verify goes far enough - and has proposed using a verification system based on fingerprints, eye scans and other unique identifiers of workers.
Ag Secretary Names FSA Administrator
Secretary of Agriculture Tom Vilsack announced Jonathan Coppess Thursday as Administrator for the Farm Service Agency. Coppess previously worked for U.S. Senator Ben Nelson as his Legislative Assistant for Agriculture, Energy and Environmental policy. Secretary Vilsack says Coppess brings a wealth of agricultural policy experience to USDA’s leadership team - and his farm background will be invaluable as President Obama and Vilsack work to assure the soundness of the safety net for American farmers and ranchers. Coppess will replace Doug Caruso who just stepped down after a short two months on the job.
Johanns Wants to Investigate Costs of Cap and Trade
Former Agriculture Secretary Mike Johanns says farmers deserve answers on the costs of cap and trade. The Nebraska GOP Senator says farmers and ranchers across the country are concerned about how the House cap and trade bill will impact them. He says Ag Secretary Tom Vilsack should provide the Senate and America's farmers with an answer to one simple question - how much does USDA estimate America's ag producers will pay under the House bill? Johanns has called for a Senate Ag Committee hearing where Vilsack can provide the answer.
Senator Johanns notes the administration has wholeheartedly endorsed the House bill - though farm group after farm group has opposed the legislation. Johanns questions how Vilsack is serving his primary mission of supporting U.S. agriculture if he doesn't know the impact of the bill on the producers he's taken an oath to serve.
Johanns has written Senate Ag Chair Tom Harkin and Ranking Member Saxby Chambliss to request that the committee investigate and analyze the economic impact of cap and trade legislation on farmers and ranchers.
Senator Johanns notes the administration has wholeheartedly endorsed the House bill - though farm group after farm group has opposed the legislation. Johanns questions how Vilsack is serving his primary mission of supporting U.S. agriculture if he doesn't know the impact of the bill on the producers he's taken an oath to serve.
Johanns has written Senate Ag Chair Tom Harkin and Ranking Member Saxby Chambliss to request that the committee investigate and analyze the economic impact of cap and trade legislation on farmers and ranchers.
New Livestock Indemnity Program Begins
Agriculture Secretary Tom Vilsack has announced details of a new livestock Indemnity Program which will provide livestock producers with a vital safety net to help them overcome the damaging financial impact of natural disaster. Ranchers and livestock producers can begin applying for benefits under the provisions of the Livestock Indemnity Program in the 2008 Farm Bill.
Using funds from the Agricultural Disaster Relief Trust Fund established under section 902 of the Trade Act of 1974, the program is administered by the USDA Farm Service Agency. LIP compensates livestock owners and contract growers for livestock death losses in excess of normal mortality due to adverse weather, including losses due to hurricanes, floods, blizzards, disease, wildfires, extreme heat and extreme cold. Eligible losses must have occurred on or after January 1, 2008, and before October 1, 2011.
Specific provisions for the other supplemental agricultural disaster assistance programs authorized by the 2008 Act will be implemented through separate rulemaking and announced at a later date.
Using funds from the Agricultural Disaster Relief Trust Fund established under section 902 of the Trade Act of 1974, the program is administered by the USDA Farm Service Agency. LIP compensates livestock owners and contract growers for livestock death losses in excess of normal mortality due to adverse weather, including losses due to hurricanes, floods, blizzards, disease, wildfires, extreme heat and extreme cold. Eligible losses must have occurred on or after January 1, 2008, and before October 1, 2011.
Specific provisions for the other supplemental agricultural disaster assistance programs authorized by the 2008 Act will be implemented through separate rulemaking and announced at a later date.
EU to Place Anti-Dumping Duties on U.S. Biodiesel
The European Commission is proposing to impose anti-dumping duties on U.S. biodiesel imports. The proposal has been adopted by the 27-country bloc's finance ministers at a meeting in Brussels. The Commission suspects U.S. biodiesel is heavily subsidized. The duties will come into force by July 12 and range from 23 Euros to 41 Euros per 100 kilograms or about 160 pounds. The duties would last for up to five years.
The stakes are high as biodiesel represents around 80 percent of the total production in Europe of biofuels, which have become an important pillar of the EU's efforts to fight global warming. While both the United States and the EU support the use of biofuels, the group claims that US biodiesel is being sold at below US producers' costs thanks to generous subsidies.
In response, Manning Feraci, Vice President of Federal Affairs for the National Biodiesel Board, called the move - an unfortunate decision. Feraci insists - we have constantly put data on the record that clearly shows the European biodiesel industry was not being harmed by U.S. competition. In fact, he added, some EU companies have fared quite well. He blamed factors outside U.S. control for problems within the EU biodiesel industry.
The stakes are high as biodiesel represents around 80 percent of the total production in Europe of biofuels, which have become an important pillar of the EU's efforts to fight global warming. While both the United States and the EU support the use of biofuels, the group claims that US biodiesel is being sold at below US producers' costs thanks to generous subsidies.
In response, Manning Feraci, Vice President of Federal Affairs for the National Biodiesel Board, called the move - an unfortunate decision. Feraci insists - we have constantly put data on the record that clearly shows the European biodiesel industry was not being harmed by U.S. competition. In fact, he added, some EU companies have fared quite well. He blamed factors outside U.S. control for problems within the EU biodiesel industry.
Sorghum Research Funding Secured
New funding secured by Kansas Senator Sam Brownback in appropriations legislation will provide new breakthroughs in sorghum research that will deliver better supply and demand modeling, new uses and agronomic solutions to producers' fields. That's according to National Sorghum Producers Board member Ken Georg. He says the one-million dollars in funding secured for the Great Plains Sorghum Improvement and Utilization Initiative is a huge victory for the nation's sorghum producers.
Kansas State University, Texas Tech University and Texas A&M University will use the funding to work on plant breeding and genetic improvement, new uses, economics, education, plant stress and agronomic issues like water use and weed control.
Kansas State University, Texas Tech University and Texas A&M University will use the funding to work on plant breeding and genetic improvement, new uses, economics, education, plant stress and agronomic issues like water use and weed control.
World Fertilizer Outlook Released
In its Fertilizer Outlook for 2009 through 2013, the International Fertilizer Industry Association suggests that, after the sudden fall in demand during the 2008/2009 fertilizer campaign, a rebound may be expected for the following year. IFA believes the improvement will be realized because of - stable growth trends that have been experienced so far in the agricultural sector. Agricultural commodity prices are expected to remain attractive, thus encouraging farmers to increase crop production.
In its baseline scenario, IFA estimates that the economic crisis can be translated in one to three years of lost growth in fertilizer demand. Nevertheless, a gradual rebound might be felt as early as in the next six months. For the 2009/10 campaign, a growth of 3.6%, representing 165.4 million tons of nutrients, is envisioned. In 2013/14, a growth rate of 2.3% per annum could be anticipated, representing up to 187 Million tons of nutrients by the end of that period.
IFA also forecasts a potential fertilizer supply surplus for the years to come. In the short term, the depressed demand for fertilizer and, in the long run, new projects coming into production in several countries are the main factors supporting the potential surplus argument, in particular in the potash and phosphate sectors. The report doesn’t address pricing.
In its baseline scenario, IFA estimates that the economic crisis can be translated in one to three years of lost growth in fertilizer demand. Nevertheless, a gradual rebound might be felt as early as in the next six months. For the 2009/10 campaign, a growth of 3.6%, representing 165.4 million tons of nutrients, is envisioned. In 2013/14, a growth rate of 2.3% per annum could be anticipated, representing up to 187 Million tons of nutrients by the end of that period.
IFA also forecasts a potential fertilizer supply surplus for the years to come. In the short term, the depressed demand for fertilizer and, in the long run, new projects coming into production in several countries are the main factors supporting the potential surplus argument, in particular in the potash and phosphate sectors. The report doesn’t address pricing.
Dairy Export Incentives Announced
Agriculture Secretary Tom Vilsack has announced initial allocations under USDA's Dairy Export Incentive Program for the year beginning July 1, 2009. The program helps U.S. dairy exporters meet prevailing world prices and encourages the development of international export markets in areas where U.S. dairy products are not competitive due to subsidized dairy products from other countries.
Under U.S. World Trade Organization commitments, USDA is allowed to provide bonuses for dairy products on a yearly basis of 68,201 metric tons of nonfat dry milk; 21,097 metric tons of butterfat; 3,030 metric tons of various cheeses, and 34 metric tons of other dairy products. The balances being made available through the new Invitations for Offers will count against the 2009-2010 U.S. WTO commitment levels.
In making the announcement Ag Secretary Tom Vilsack pointed an accusing finger at the European Union when he stated - it appears our international markets continue to erode and the European Union has shown no indication that it will refrain from providing dairy export subsidies. The Secretary pledged - we will continue to use this program in a responsible manner in support of U.S. dairy farmers.
Under U.S. World Trade Organization commitments, USDA is allowed to provide bonuses for dairy products on a yearly basis of 68,201 metric tons of nonfat dry milk; 21,097 metric tons of butterfat; 3,030 metric tons of various cheeses, and 34 metric tons of other dairy products. The balances being made available through the new Invitations for Offers will count against the 2009-2010 U.S. WTO commitment levels.
In making the announcement Ag Secretary Tom Vilsack pointed an accusing finger at the European Union when he stated - it appears our international markets continue to erode and the European Union has shown no indication that it will refrain from providing dairy export subsidies. The Secretary pledged - we will continue to use this program in a responsible manner in support of U.S. dairy farmers.
National Corn Yield Contest Deadline Ahead
The National Corn Growers Association’s popular National Corn Yield Contest is underway. The final deadline for entries is August 1.
State and national corn yield contest winners will receive national recognition in publications, such as the NCYC Corn Yield Guide and at the National Awards Banquet and State Awards Breakfast at the 2010 Commodity Classic in Anaheim, Californina. More importantly, growers experience the challenge and satisfaction of learning production techniques that will enhance their corn yields.
NCGA utilizes the wealth of information from the contest to study production trends. Growers’ information is used by NCGA and others to statistically demonstrate the production efficiencies of corn growers and their dedication to soil and nutrient conservation.
State and national corn yield contest winners will receive national recognition in publications, such as the NCYC Corn Yield Guide and at the National Awards Banquet and State Awards Breakfast at the 2010 Commodity Classic in Anaheim, Californina. More importantly, growers experience the challenge and satisfaction of learning production techniques that will enhance their corn yields.
NCGA utilizes the wealth of information from the contest to study production trends. Growers’ information is used by NCGA and others to statistically demonstrate the production efficiencies of corn growers and their dedication to soil and nutrient conservation.
Michigan Legislators Pushing for Livestock Standards
Lawmakers in Ohio aren’t the only ones taking a proactive approach to livestock care standards. Michigan State Representatives Mike Simpson and Jeff Mayes introduced a group of bills last month to standardize livestock care requirements by establishing the Department of Agriculture and Agriculture Commission as the sole authority in regulation of livestock health; implementing science-based standards farmers must use by 2020 and more. Two State Senators have introduced identical bills. They were referred to the Senate Ag and Bioeconomy Committee.
Representative Mayes said these new standards will ensure people think of quality products when they think of Michigan agriculture - but certain animal rights organizations - like Farm Sanctuary - feel they would be harmful to livestock for many reasons. Farm Sanctuary Director of Legal Campaigns Delcianna Winders says the legislation would create a council dominated by the agricultural industry and codify the procedures that Farm Sanctuary believes are inhumane.
Winders says Farm Sanctuary will probably work with the Humane Society of the United States to reach out to people to oppose it. But that could be a challenge since the legislation has the support of more than 15 ag organizations - including Michigan Farm Bureau. Michigan Farm Bureau President Wayne Wood says these bills provide a balanced approach that is good for animals, people, rural communities and the state of Michigan.
Representative Mayes said these new standards will ensure people think of quality products when they think of Michigan agriculture - but certain animal rights organizations - like Farm Sanctuary - feel they would be harmful to livestock for many reasons. Farm Sanctuary Director of Legal Campaigns Delcianna Winders says the legislation would create a council dominated by the agricultural industry and codify the procedures that Farm Sanctuary believes are inhumane.
Winders says Farm Sanctuary will probably work with the Humane Society of the United States to reach out to people to oppose it. But that could be a challenge since the legislation has the support of more than 15 ag organizations - including Michigan Farm Bureau. Michigan Farm Bureau President Wayne Wood says these bills provide a balanced approach that is good for animals, people, rural communities and the state of Michigan.
EPA Approves California’s Long-Requested Pollution Rule Waiver
The Environmental Protection Agency gave California permission Tuesday to pursue more stringent air pollution rules than required by the federal government - clearing the way to implement a state pollution law requiring new cars to increase their fuel economy to 35.5 miles per gallon by 2016 - which is what President Obama would like to see happen. Governors and officials from many states ready to adopt California’s standard - such as New York, Arizona, Connecticut and Maine - welcome this development.
California has been trying to implement the law for five years - but was denied by the Bush administration. This decision is seen as something that will set the stage for tougher national vehicle fuel economy requirements President Obama promised in May. EPA Administrator Lisa Jackson says the decision reinforces the historic agreement on nationwide emission standards announced by Obama.
President of the Alliance of Automobile Manufacturers Dave McCurdy says the group is hopeful this waiver won’t undermine the efforts put forth to create a national program. California Senator Barbara Boxer says this decision is putting science and the law back into the driver’s seat rather than politics and special interests.
California has been trying to implement the law for five years - but was denied by the Bush administration. This decision is seen as something that will set the stage for tougher national vehicle fuel economy requirements President Obama promised in May. EPA Administrator Lisa Jackson says the decision reinforces the historic agreement on nationwide emission standards announced by Obama.
President of the Alliance of Automobile Manufacturers Dave McCurdy says the group is hopeful this waiver won’t undermine the efforts put forth to create a national program. California Senator Barbara Boxer says this decision is putting science and the law back into the driver’s seat rather than politics and special interests.
CSP Signup Expected Soon
The Chief of the Natural Resources Conservation Service says USDA has nearly completed work on the economic analysis and rules for the new Conservation Stewardship Program. According to Dave White - USDA plans to deliver proposed rules to the Office of Management and Budget yet this week. He’s hopeful sign up for fiscal ’09 will begin in August or September - with field verification done in September and contracts offered in October.
According to White - the minimum requirement for the new CSP is meeting one resource of concerns on the entire operation. An example is meeting soil erosion on an entire farm. The states will determine what the resources of concern are - so while air quality might be a resource of concern in California - it might not be in Alaska. White says a producer also must be willing to meet one additional priority resource of concern within the five-year contract.
The new Conservation Stewardship Program can enroll 12.7-million acres each year from 2009 to 2012 at a national average of 18-dollars per acre. But White says USDA won’t know what the reimbursement per acre will be until they’ve had the first sign up. Future sign ups will offer a fixed national price per acre for each type of land based on that first sign up.
According to White - the minimum requirement for the new CSP is meeting one resource of concerns on the entire operation. An example is meeting soil erosion on an entire farm. The states will determine what the resources of concern are - so while air quality might be a resource of concern in California - it might not be in Alaska. White says a producer also must be willing to meet one additional priority resource of concern within the five-year contract.
The new Conservation Stewardship Program can enroll 12.7-million acres each year from 2009 to 2012 at a national average of 18-dollars per acre. But White says USDA won’t know what the reimbursement per acre will be until they’ve had the first sign up. Future sign ups will offer a fixed national price per acre for each type of land based on that first sign up.
Study Shows Spraying Herbicides on Invasive Weeds Not Necessarily Good Idea
Rangeland Ecologist Matt Rinella at the Agricultural Research Service Lab in Miles City, Montana has conducted a 16-year study that shows it may not always help for ranchers to use herbicides to kill invasive weeds like leafy spurge. In fact - it may actually cause the weeds to increase. Even though the herbicide would have dissipated within a few years - it seemed to have long-term effects and caused a plant community shift.
The plots in the study were either grazed and sprayed, grazed but not sprayed, not grazed but sprayed or not grazed and not sprayed. Cattle grazing helped maintain native plant numbers when herbicide was sprayed. Since cattle grazing can help native forbs thrive - most native forbs did well with or without cattle grazing when herbicide wasn’t used. This study suggests that applying herbicides over large areas of land with herbicide-sensitive plants isn’t always the best thing to do.
The plots in the study were either grazed and sprayed, grazed but not sprayed, not grazed but sprayed or not grazed and not sprayed. Cattle grazing helped maintain native plant numbers when herbicide was sprayed. Since cattle grazing can help native forbs thrive - most native forbs did well with or without cattle grazing when herbicide wasn’t used. This study suggests that applying herbicides over large areas of land with herbicide-sensitive plants isn’t always the best thing to do.
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